![]() Companies used nanoparticles mostly under 100 nm. To assess reliability, the tool was administered to four evaluators across six companies involved in the production and utilization of nanomaterials, with the kappa coefficient being calculated. Subsequently, the remaining items were subjected to a comprehensive evaluation, including the Content Validity Index (CVI) and Content Validity Ratio (CVR). ![]() A total of 53 items underwent rigorous evaluation to assess their clarity and simplicity in face validity, resulting in the exclusion of three items. The data was analyzed by SPSS.24 software. ![]() Its reliability was checked by using the method of agreement between participants and the kappa coefficient. The logical validity of the tool was checked based on the opinions of 20 experts in different fields by using the Lawshe method. Then a tool was designed using these items. Firstly, a tool item bank was prepared based on the results of a literature review of papers, guidelines, and standards and interviews with stakeholders (workers, employers, health and safety experts, and researchers active in this field). The study aimed to develop a comprehensive health and safety risk assessment tool tailored for activities involving nanomaterials, given their unique properties and the emerging risks they pose in various industrial sectors.
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